Obsidian rock

Obsidian is an amorphous, non-crystalline rock with a glassy structure. It is primarily composed of silicon dioxide, typically containing 70-75% silica content, with additional elements like iron, magnesium, and calcium.

Volcanic igneous.

Colour: Typically black, but can also appear in brown, grey, red, or even green.
Lustre: Glassy or vitreous lustre, reflecting light and creating a smooth, shiny appearance.
Hardness: Ranges from 5 to 5.5 on the Mohs scale, making it softer than quartz but harder than many common metals.
Density: Approximately 2.55 grams per cubic centimetre.
Fracture: Exhibits a conchoidal fracture, breaking with smooth, curved surfaces resembling the interior of a seashell. Ideal for knapping into pointed weapons and cutting tools.

Glass-like texture: Has a smooth, glass-like texture due to its rapid cooling, which prevents crystal formation.
Low water content: Typically contains less than 1% water by weight.
Brittleness: While hard, obsidian is also brittle and easily breaks with sharp edges.
Translucency: Some varieties can be translucent when thin slices are held up to the light.
Chemical composition: Primarily composed of silica with smaller amounts of other elements like aluminum, iron, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.

Early Māori: Obsidian was highly prized by the Māori and used for various purposes, including cutting tools and weapons.
Prehistoric tools: Used for making sharp cutting tools, arrowheads, and blades due to its ability to form extremely sharp edges.
Modern surgical instruments: Some modern surgical scalpels use obsidian blades, which can be sharper than steel.
Jewellery and decorative objects: Used in jewellery making and decorative items due to its attractive appearance.
Archaeological studies: Studied by archaeologists to trace ancient trade routes and understand prehistoric cultures.
Geological research: Analysed by geologists to understand volcanic processes and lava compositions.
Ornamental stone: Used as an ornamental stone in various applications due to its unique appearance.
Cultural significance: Holds cultural and spiritual significance in various societies, including Māori culture in New Zealand.

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